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Functions and application (comma-free)

SurfaceDesugaring
x y => eλx. λy. ⟦e⟧
x => eλx. ⟦e⟧
f a b⟦f⟧ ⟦a⟧ ⟦b⟧ (left-assoc)
(e)⟦e⟧

Placeholder lambda _

_ is only valid where a unary function is expected (syntactically or by typing). It desugars to a fresh binder.

SurfaceDesugaring
_ + 1 (in lambda position)λx#1. x#1 + 1
toUpper (value)toUpper (no change)